The first deputy - Hazrat Usman b.. Saeed-e-Amri (r.a.)
Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) was the first special deputy
of Imam Mahdi (a.t.f.s.) in Ghaibat-e-Sughra. The renowned Shiite scholar,
Shaikh Muhammad b. Hasan Tusi (r.a.) records in his illustrious book,
'Ghaibat' - Among the companions that the infallible Imams (a.s.) considered
as virtuous and pious, was Hazrat Usman b. Saeed-e-Amri (r.a.). Imam Ali
Naqi, Al Hadi (a.s.) and Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.) have spoken highly of him
and he was their most
trusted companion."
(Ghaibat-e-Shaikh-e-Tusi,
pg. 353)
His name and title
Usman was his name and his father's name was Saeed. His name in
Rijaal-e-Kashi is recorded as 'Hafs b. Amr', but other scholars of
Ilm-e-Rijaal (science of narrators of traditions) have considered this
erroneous. His name is widely recorded as Usman b. Saeed.
He has been attributed with 2 agnomens (Kunniyat) - Abu Amr and Abu
Muhammad. He was called Abu Amr since his grandfather's name was Amr. He was
called Abu Muhammad because of his son Muhammad. In books of Rijaal and
traditions he is referred to as Abu Amr. However, in Safinatul Behar and
Beharul Anwaar, he is referred to as Abu Muhammad.
Among Shias Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) is known by four titles.
1. Saman / Zayyat (Oil Vendor)
Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) took up the profession of oil-vending to
camouflage his more critical duties and responsibilities of deputyship from
the masses in general and the tyrant kings of Bani Abbas in particular. In
this way, he protected his own life and the lives of Shias from the
persecution of the Bani Abbas. He had a very ingenious way of operating. He
would collect all the money and trusts from the Shias for Imam Hasan Askari
(a.s.). Out of fear of the Bani Abbas caliphs, he would conceal all money
and trusts in his oil barrels so as to escape the scrutiny of the common
masses. In this way, he could safely courier everything to Imam Hasan Askari
(a.s.).
(Ghaibat-e-Shaikh-e-Tusi
(r.a.), pg. 354)
To keep his position of deputyship secret, he used to
supply oil and other goods to the army.
(Rozgar
Rehai Az Kaamil-e-Sulaiman, vol. 1, pg. 291)
2. Asadi
He was a member of the Bani Asad clan and was therefore also famous as
'Asadi'.
3.
Askari
He used to reside in Samarra, in a place called 'Askar'. This was the reason
he was also called as Askari.
4.
Amri
Scholars are unanimous that 'Amri' was one of his titles. However, scholars
of Ilme-Rijaal have given differing reasons for this title. The illustrious
scholar Muhammad b. Hasan - Shaikh Tusi (r.a.) has explained, 'First of all
he was referred to as Amri due to his grandfather whose name was 'Amr'. Some
scholars have recorded that Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.) did not like that the
names Usman (name of third caliph) and Abu Amr should combine in one person.
That is why he ordered Usman to change his Kunniyat from Abu Amr to
Amri;
(Ghaibat-e-Shaikh-e-Tusi
(r.a.), pg. 354)
Special deputy of three Imams (a.s.)
Shaikh-e-Tusi (r.a.) records that at the tender age of 11 years, Hazrat
Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) swore allegiance to Imam Ali Naqi (a.s.) and commenced
serving Imam (a.s.). Shaikh-e-Tusi (r.a.) has discussed the companions of
Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.) in detail. While mentioning about Hazrat Usman b.
Saeed (r.a.), he says - He was an oil trader famous as Abu Amr. He was an
esteemed and reliable companion in the eyes of Imam (a.s.), and was also
Imam's (a.s.) special deputy. The statement of Shaikh Tusi (r.a.) makes ' it
clear that he was deputy of three Imams (a.s.).
He further records that he was also a special deputy of Imam-e-Zamana
(a.t.f.s.) and enjoyed an elevated and eminent status among the Shias of
that period. Likewise, Ibne Dawood-e-Hilli in his Rijaal, Marhoom-e-Qahyaai
in his Majmaul Rijaal, Syed Muhammad Mahdi Bahrul Uloom (r.a.) in his Rijaal
have recorded this fact. This has also been mentioned in several other books
of Rijaal like Tanqeehul Maqaal, Qamoos-e-Rijaal, Mojamul Rijaalul Hadis.
(Pazoohashi
Piraamun-e-Zindagani Nawwab-e-Khaas-e-Imam-e-Zaman (a.s.) by Ali
Ghaffarzadeh, pg. 106)
Note
Dr. Jasim Husain in his 'Tarikh-e-Siyaasi -e-Ghaibat-e-Imam-e-Dawazdahum
(a.t.f.s.)' has reported that Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) was among the
companions of Abu Jafar-e-Saani -Imam Muhammad Taqi al-Jawad (a.s.).
Likewise Ibne Shahr-e-Ashob in 'Manaqib-e-Abi Talib (a.s,)', Shaikh
Abbas-e-Qummi (r.a.) in Safinatui Behar and Allamah Hilli (r.a.) have
recounted this fact.
Ali Ghaffarzadeh in his 'Pazoohashi Piraamun-e-Zindagani Nawwab-e-Khaas-e-Imam-e-Zaman
(a.t.f.s.)' has rejected the fact that Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) was the
deputy of Imam Jawad (a.s.). He writes, 'Anyone who is even briefly
acquainted with the lives of the Imams (a.s.) and Ghaibat-e-Sughra will know
that Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) was not a deputy nor a companion of Imam
Jawad (a.s.). This is not an established fact of history and there is no
chain of narration to support such an idea.'
After making this claim, Ali Ghaffarzadeh has outlined the names of scholars
who have recorded in their books that Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) was not a
companion of Imam Jawad (a.s.).
i.
Haaj Muhammad Ardabeli (r.a.) in his book 'Jaameui Rowaat'
ii. Shaikh Abdullah Uqaani (r.a.) in Tanqeehul Maqaal'
iii. Allamah Shustari (r.a.) in 'Qaamoosul Rijaal'
iv. Ayatullah Uzma Khoie (r.a.) in 'Mojamul Rijaal'
After referring to the books of these scholars Ali Ghaffarzadeh concludes
that Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) was not among the companions of Imam Jawad
(a.s.).
(Pazoohashi
Piraamun, pg. 109-10)
It is possible that he did spend a few years under the Imamat of Imam Jawad (a.s.), but may have been too young to qualify for companionship.
His
(r.a.) status in the words of Imams (a.s.)
Ahmed b. Ishaaq Qummi (r.a.) narrates,
"I was in the presence of Imam Ali Naqi, al-Hadi (a.s.). I said, 'O my
master! At times I have the good fortune of meeting you and at times I am
deprived of this blessing. It is not always possible for me to be in direct
contact with you. Under such circumstances, who should I contact and whose
commands should I obey?' Imam (a.s.) informed me,
This man - Abu Amr (Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.)) is
a reliable, upright and trustworthy person. Whatever he relates to you is
from my side. Whatever he gives to you is from us.'
(Beharul
Anwaar, vol. 51, pg. 344)
Imam's (a.s.) narration in favour of Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) underlines
the level of Imam's (a.s.) trust and confidence in him. Moreover, it
underscores another important fact -Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) performed
some critical duties i.e. to convey Imam's (a.s.) message and commands to
the Shias. The duty of the Shias was to accept this communication and
implement it.
After Imam Hadi's (a.s.) martyrdom, Ahmed b. Ishaaq Qummi (r.a.) once again
approached Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.) and repeated his previous query who
responded thus:
'This man - Abu Amr (Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.))
is a reliable, upright and trustworthy person. He was dependable for the
previous Imam and is dependable and reliable even for me in my lifetime and
even after my death. Whatever he conveys to you is from our side and
everything he gives to you is from us.'
(Beharul
Anwaar, vol. 51, pg. 344)
Deputyship
of Imam-e-Zamana (a.t.f.s.)
Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.) appointed Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) as the first
special deputy of Imam-e-Zamana (a.t.f.s.) in the presence of 40 Shias.
Some Shias like Jafar b. Muhammad b. Malik-e-Fazari, Alt b. Bilal, Ahmed b.
Helal, Muhammad b. Muawiyah b. Hakeem, Hasan b.Ayyub b. Nuh have all
narrated that they approached Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.) specifically to
inquire from him about his successor. They recount - In addition to us,
there were 40 other people who were present with Imam (a.s.). Then Hazrat
Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) rose and asked Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.), 'O son of
Allah's Apostle! We wish to ask you a question of which we are sure you are
aware.' Imam (a.s.) replied, 'O Usman, be seated.' All of a sudden the
expression on Imam's (a.s.) face changed and he went out of the room after
ordering us to stay in our places and not follow him outside. We did as Imam
(a.s.) commanded us.
After some time, Imam (a.s.) called out Usman b. Saeed's (r.a.) name and the
latter rose. Then Imam (a.s.) said, 'Should I inform you about the reason
why you all are here?' All of us said, 'O son of Allah's Apostle! Please
inform us.' Imam (a.s.) revealed, 'So that you may know who is the Imam
after me.' The members in the assembly replied, 'Yes. We just saw a young
child whose face was beautiful like the moon and looked very similar to
you.' Imam (a.s.) informed, 'After me, he is your Imam and my successor.
Obey him and do not scatter in confusion about him else your religion will
be destroyed. After this meeting you shall never see him again until his
appointed time. That is why take whatever news you get from Usman b. Saeed
(r.a.).
'He is the deputy of your Imam and deputy ship is
for him alone.'
(Beharul
Anwaar vol. 51, pg. 346)
Usman
b. Saeed (r.a.) - Deputy of deputies
Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.) wrote a lenghty letter to Ishaaq b. Ismail
Nishapouri, stating, 'Don't leave the city until you meet Usman b. Saeed
(r.a.). Convey to him my salaam. He is trustworthy, pious and reliable and
is most proximate to us.
All the wealth that is collected from various places
for us, is first accumulated with Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) so that it reaches
us safely.'
(Beharul
Anwaar vol. 50, pg. 323)
Note
Imam's (a.s.) letter emphasises an important point. All cities where the
Shias used to inhabit had deputies. These deputies accumulated money by way
of Khums, Zakaat, etc. from the Shias on behalf of Imam (a.s.). These
deputies collectively transmitted all this money to Hazrat Usman b. Saeed
(r.a.), who in turn finally submitted it to Imam (a.s.) himself.
The
religious and political scenario of the time
If one casts even a cursory glance at the political and religious scenario
at the time of Ghaibat-e-Sughra, he will appreciate the significance of the
deputyship of Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.). The government had appointed
spies in every nook and corner so as to keep a close watch on the Shias of
Imam (a.t.f.s.), especially the trusted and reliable Shias who were known to
be proximate to Imam (a.t.f.s.).
As if the government's persecution was not enough, the differences between
the Shias and outbreak of various sects only added to the confusion. Under
such trying circumstances, deputyship was an impossible task. However, under
Imam's (a.t.f.s.) constant supervision and guidance, the Shias were rescued
from the darkness of doubt and uncertainty and were steered towards the
light of guidance and certainty. Being the special deputy of Imam Mahdi
(a.t.f.s.), Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) played a very important role in
this regard.
The criticality of his role can never be fully comprehended and appreciated.
On the one hand, he had to unite the Shias who had split into many sects. On
the other hand, he had to contend with Jafar ibn Ali Naqi the government's
candidate for the role of Shiite leadership. To challenge Jafar was a
monumental task. On the martyrdom of Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.), Jafar usurped
the mantle of Imam's (a.s.) successorship, which gave him the right to lead
the Shias after Imam (a.s.).
Shaikh Mufeed (r.a.) writes in his book 'Kitabul Irshad': 'After
the martyrdom of Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.) when Jafar b. Ali Naqi (famous as
'Jafar-e-Kazzab') saw that their Imam (a.s.) did not have a successor, he
usurped his (a.s.) property, imprisoned his (a.s.) maids and the women of
the household and said evil things about his (a.s.) companions who were
steadfast in their faith that Imam (a.s.) had a son and were waiting for his
reappearance. He threatened them but they did not pay attention to him.
Finally, Jafar approached the Caliph of the time and sought his assistance
to claim the position of his brother (Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.)). He paid a
huge amount to the government by way of bribe, but failed miserably in his
evil plans.'
(Kitabul
Irshad, chap. 34)
Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) had to face the uphill task ofJafar's claim of
Imamat, his standing to lead the funeral prayers of Imam (a.s.) and creating
doubts about the Imamat of Imam-e-Zaman (a.t.f.s.). He provoked the
government of the time to help him in his cause, he imprisoned the Ahle Bait
(a.s.) and persecuted them and sought religious dues (khums, zakat) from the
people. Under these grievous circumstances Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) with
the help of Imam-e-Zaman (a.s.) humiliated Jafar and protected the status
and Imamat of Imam-e-Zaman (a.t.f.s.).
When the Shias heard of Jafar's claim and his usurping Imam's (a.s.)
property and seeking help from Bani Abbas, some of them consulted Hazrat
Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) and requested for a 'Tawqee' from Imam-e-Zaman
(a.t.f.s.) to clarify the matter and remove all suspicion and doubts once
and for all. Our readers should find the following incident very
interesting.
Jafar b. Ali wrote a letter to a follower of Imam Mahdi (a.t.f.s.) - I am
the Imam after my brother and I have the knowledge of the permissible and
the prohibited and all other sciences with me. When the companion received
the letter, he became sorrowful. He took the letter to Ahmad b. Ishaaq
Ashari, a close confidante of Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.). Ahmad b. Ishaaq
wrote a letter to Imam-e-Zaman (a.t.f.s.) enclosing Jafar's letter. He gave
it to Usman b. Saeed (a.s.) to be forwarded to Imam-e-Zaman (a.t.f.s.). Imam
(a.t.f.s.) gave a very strong-worded reply and refuted the Imamat of Jafar.
Following is the extract of Imam's (a.t.f.s.) letter:
This defrauder (Jafar) has falsified Allah and has claimed Imamat. We do not
know on what basis he has made such a claim. If he claims knowledge in the
Ahkam and Fiqh of Allah's religion, then by Allah, he is not able to
distinguish between the permissible and the prohibited. He cannot
distinguish between the clear and ambiguous verses of the Holy Quran. He is
not even aware about the limits and timings of namaz. And if he is having
certainty about his piety then by Allah he has forsaken namaz for forty
days. His claim should be based on a miracle. Let him forward his miracle
and if he has proof then he should explain it.'
(Pazoohashi
Piraamun, pg. 128, narrating from Ehtejaaj-e-Tabarsi, vol. 2, pg. 468)
It was with the representation of Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) that such
letters could reach Imam (a.t.f.s.) and Jafar failed in his nefarious plans.
Once in a gathering Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) said The caliph
(Motamid-e-Abbasi) thought that Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.) left this world
without appointing his successor and gave his inheritance to such a person
(Jafar) who did not deserve it. The followers of Imam (a.s.) were patient on
it and were vacillating in state of confusion. Nobody dared to recognise him
and help him or to convey something to him.
(Usule
Kafi, vol.2, pg. 121, Persian edition)
Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) in Baghdad
After the martyrdom of Imam Hasan Askari (a.s.), the first representative of
Imam-e-Zaman (a.t.f.s.) came to Baghdad from Samarrah by the order of Imam
(a.s.). The reason being that the government vigilance and control in
Samarrah was very strict and it had relatively ignored Baghdad. Samarrah was
the capital of the Abbasi government. Motamid was appointed as ruler on 12th
Rajab, 256 A.H. Till the end of his rule, Samarrah remained the capital. In
279 A.H., the capital was shifted to Baghdad. Till that time Baghdad was the
Shiite center. The migration to Baghdad helped Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.)
to keep in touch with the Shias residing in different places. In this way,
his activities spread to different areas and were not restricted only to
Baghdad. If he was in Samarrah or if Baghdad had been the capital of the
Abbasides, then this would
have been very difficult.
(Pazoohashi Piramun , Pg. 130)
His
(r.a.) mode of operation
Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) had appointed some agents in Baghdad who used
to coordinate with the other agents of Iraq and other areas. People met
these agents in Baghdad, who collected the wealth and accepted the letters
and queries from the Shias and forwarded them to Hazrat Usman b. Saeed
(r.a.) and he in turn forwarded the same to Imam (a.s.)
Hajiz bin b. Yazid-e-Washsha, Ahmed b. Ishaaq Ashari, Mohammad b. Ahmad b.
Jafar Qattaan, Ahmad b. Ishaaq were initially the representatives of Imam
Hasan Askari (a.s.) in Qum, Iran. After the martyrdom of Imam Hasan Askari
(a.s.) they returned to Baghdad as helpers of Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.).
Mohammad b. Ahmad Qattaan had taken up the work of selling clothes so that
nobody could cast any doubt on his real purpose. The other agents delivered
the letters and wealth wrapped in a cloth to him and he forwarded it to
Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.).
History is replete with such incidents wherein the special representatives
employed such ingenious methods to protect Imam (a.t.f.s.) and his Shias.
The wealth used to reach Imam (a.t.f.s.) without anybody learning about his
(a.t.f.s.) actual abode.
His
(r.a.) demise
The duration of his deputyship and the exact date of his demise has not got
wide coverage in books of history and traditions. But it is clear that the
combined duration of his own deputyship and that of his son - Hazrat
Muhammad b. Usman (r.a.) was 45 years.
Janabe Bahrul Uloom (r.a.) has recorded in Taaleqa-e-Rijal
that Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) expired in 264 A.H. or 265 A.H.
Ali
Ghaffarzadeh in
his book has narrated from historians and scholars - the death of Hazrat
Usman b. Saeed (r.a.) took place before 267 A.H.
(Pazoohashi
Piramun, pg. 144)
His
grave
He is buried near western Baghdad inside Shaare Maidan in Masjid Zarab.
(Beharul
Anwaar, vol. 51, pg. 347)
Today there is market near his grave and one has to pass through several
small lanes to reach the grave. Due to this, some visitors (Zaaireen) avoid
going for ziyarat. His ziyarat has a lot of merit and it is similar to
meeting him when one comes to meet Imam (a.t.f.s.), as he was Imam's
(a.t.f.s.) deputy.
Obituary
After the demise of Hazrat Usman b. Saeed (r.a.), Imam (a.t.f.s.) wrote a
condolence letter to his son, Muhammad:
"Surely we are from Allah and we will return to Him. We submit
ourselves to His command. Your father devoted his entire life to goodness
and right till the end he was praiseworthy. May Allah have mercy on him and
include him with His friends and the Imams (a.s.). He continuously
endeavoured and struggled in the affairs of his Imams (a.s.) till he met
Allah, the High, and the Imams (a.s.). May Allah make his face contented
and happy.'
(Beharul
Anwaar, vol. 51, pg. 349)